Xixax Film Forum

Notable USA & English-language directors, sorted by the decade they made their first feature film for the sake of working backwards (or forwards) through film history. Birth country in parenthesis if not USA. All links point to Wikipedia.

World Cinema thread here (http://xixax.com/index.php?topic=13844.0).



1910s

Frank Borzage (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borzage)
Tod Browning (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tod_Browning)
Michael Curtiz (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Curtiz) (Hungarian)
Cecil B. DeMille (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille)
John Ford (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ford)
Alfred E. Green (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E._Green)
D.W. Griffith (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._W._Griffith)
Howard Hawks (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hawks)
Fritz Lang (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lang) (German)
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Z._Leonard)
Ernst Lubitsch (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch) (German)
André De Toth (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_DeToth) (Hungarian)
King Vidor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Vidor)
Raoul Walsh (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Walsh)

1920s

Dorothy Arzner (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Arzner)
Anthony Asquith (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Asquith) (English)
Frank Capra (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Capra)
Charlie Chaplin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin) (English)
William Dieterle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dieterle) (German)
Robert Flaherty (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty)
Victor Fleming (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Fleming)
Edmund Goulding (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Goulding) (English)
Alfred Hitchcock (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock) (English)
Buster Keaton (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Keaton)
Mervyn LeRoy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy)
Rouben Mamoulian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouben_Mamoulian)
F.W. Murnau (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Murnau) (German)
Roy Del Ruth (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Del_Ruth)
Josef von Sternberg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg) (Austrian)
Erich von Stroheim (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_Stroheim) (Austrian)
William A. Wellman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Wellman)

1930s

Kenneth Anger (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Anger)
Busby Berkeley (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busby_Berkeley)
George Cukor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cukor)
Edward Dmytryk (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dmytryk) (Canadian)
Victor Fleming (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Fleming)
Henry Hathaway (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hathaway)
Leo McCarey (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_McCarey)
Michael Powell (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Powell) (English)
Otto Preminger (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Preminger) (Austrian)
Carol Reed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Reed) (English)
Lowell Sherman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Sherman)
Douglas Sirk (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Sirk) (German)
George Stevens (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stevens)
Jacques Tourneur (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Tourneur) (French)
Edgar G. Ulmer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_G._Ulmer)
Charles Vidor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Vidor) (Hungarian)
James Whale (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whale) (English)
William Wyler (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wyler) (German)

1940s

Budd Boetticher (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budd_Boetticher)
William Castle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Castle)
Delmer Daves (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmer_Daves)
Basil Dearden (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Dearden) (English)
Maya Deren (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Deren) (USSR)
Stanley Donen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Donen)
Terence Fisher (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Fisher) (English)
Samuel Fuller (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Fuller)
John Huston (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Huston)
Elia Kazan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elia_Kazan)
David Lean (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lean) (English)
Joseph Losey (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Losey)
Ida Lupino (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Lupino) (English)
Alexander Mackendrick (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mackendrick)
Joseph L. Mankiewicz (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz)
Anthony Mann (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Mann)
Vincente Minelli (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli)
Richard Quine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Quine)

Nicholas Ray (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Ray)
Mark Robson (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Robson) (Canadian)
Robert Rossen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rossen)
George Sidney (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sidney)
Don Siegel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Siegel)
Robert Siodmak (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Siodmak) (German)
John Sturges (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sturges)
Preston Sturges (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Sturges)
Orson Welles (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles)
Billy Wilder (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Wilder)
Robert Wise (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise)
Fred Zinnemann (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann) (Austrian)

1950s

Robert Aldrich (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Aldrich)
Robert Altman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Altman)
Jack Arnold (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Arnold_(director))
Richard Brooks (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brooks)
John Cassavetes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cassavetes)
Jack Clayton (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Clayton) (English)
Blake Edwards (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Edwards)
John Frankenheimer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frankenheimer)
Monte Hellman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Hellman)
Arthur Hiller (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Hiller)
Stanley Kramer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kramer)
Stanley Kubrick (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick)
George Kuchar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kuchar)
Sidney Lumet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lumet)
Delbert Mann (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delbert_Mann)
Russ Meyer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Meyer)
Arthur Penn (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Penn)
Karel Reisz (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Reisz) (English)
Tony Richardson (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Richardson) (English)
Martin Ritt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ritt)
Frank Tashlin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tashlin)
J. Lee Thompson (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Lee_Thompson) (English)
Peter Watkins (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Watkins) (English)

1960s

Woody Allen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen)
Lindsay Anderson (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Anderson) (English)
Ralph Bakshi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bakshi)
Peter Bogdanovich (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich)
John Boorman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boorman) (English)
Mel Brooks (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Brooks)
Alan Clarke (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Clarke) (English)
Robert Downey Sr. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Downey_Sr.)
Francis Ford Coppola (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola)
Milos Forman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman) (Czech)
Bob Fosse (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Fosse)
William Friedkin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Friedkin)
Curtis Harrington (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Harrington)
Jack Hill (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hill)
James Ivory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ivory)
Philip Kaufman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Kaufman)
Richard Lester (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lester)
Ken Loach (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Loach) (English)
Paul Mazursky (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mazursky)
Radley Metzger (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radley_Metzger)
Paul Morrissey (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Morrissey)
Mike Nichols (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Nichols)
Brian De Palma (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_De_Palma)
Sam Peckinpah (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Peckinpah)
Melvin van Peebles (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Van_Peebles)
Frank Perry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Perry)
Roman Polanski (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Polanski) (Polish)
Sydney Pollack (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Pollack)
Bob Rafelson (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Rafelson)
George Romero (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Romero)
Stuart Rosenberg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Rosenberg)
Ken Russell (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Russell) (English)
John Schlesinger (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schlesinger) (English)
Peter Yates (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Yates) (English)
John Waters (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Waters)
Frederick Wiseman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Wiseman)
Doris Wishman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Wishman)

1970s

Hal Ashby (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Ashby)
James Bridges (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bridges)
Albert Brooks (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Brooks)
John Carpenter (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carpenter)
Michael Cimino (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cimino)
Stuart Cooper (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Cooper)
Alex Cox (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Cox) (English)
David Cronenberg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cronenberg) (Canadian)
Joe Dante (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dante)
Jonathan Demme (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Demme)
Clint Eastwood (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood)
Abel Ferrara (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Ferrara)
Terry Gilliam (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Gilliam)
Walter Hill (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hill)
Tobe Hooper (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobe_Hooper)
Derek Jarman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Jarman) (English)
John Landis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Landis)
Jeff Lieberman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Lieberman)
Mike Leigh (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Leigh) (English)
George Lucas (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas)
David Lynch (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lynch)
Terrence Malick (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Malick)
Elaine May (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_May)
John Millius (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milius)
Floyd Mutrux  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Mutrux)
Alan J. Pakula (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_J._Pakula)
Nicolas Roeg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Roeg) (English)
Alan Rudolph (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rudolph)
Jerry Schatzberg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Schatzberg)
Paul Schrader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Schrader)
Martin Scorsese (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese)
Ridley Scott (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Scott) (English)
Steven Spielberg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg)
Oliver Stone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stone)
Paul Verhoeven (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Verhoeven) (Dutch)
Peter Weir (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Weir) (Australian)
Wim Wenders (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Wenders) (German)
Robert Zemeckis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis)

1980s

Gregg Araki (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Araki)
Jim Van Bebber (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Van_Bebber)
Kathryn Bigelow (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow)
Tim Burton (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Burton)
James Cameron (//http://) (Canadian)
The Coen Bros. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coen_brothers)
Terence Davies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Davies) (English)
Christopher Guest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Guest)
Peter Greenaway (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Greenaway) (English)
Hal Hartley (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Hartley)
John Hughes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hughes_(filmmaker))
Jim Jarmusch (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jarmusch)
Neil Jordan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Jordan) (Irish)
Spike Lee (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Lee)
Barry Levinson (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Levinson)
David Mamet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mamet)
Michael Mann (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mann)
Robert Redford (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Redford)
Gus Van Sant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Van_Sant)
Tony Scott (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Scott) (English)
Terry Zwigoff (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Zwigoff)

1990s

Wes Anderson (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Anderson)
Paul Thomas Anderson (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Thomas_Anderson)
Noah Baumbach (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Baumbach)
Louis CK (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C.K.)
Sofia Coppola (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Coppola)
Larry Clark (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Clark)
David Fincher (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fincher)
Vincent Gallo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Gallo)
James Gray (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gray_(director))
Todd Haynes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Haynes)
Nicole Holofcner (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Holofcener)
Spike Jonze (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Jonze)
Lodge Kerrigan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodge_Kerrigan)
Harmony Korine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony_Korine)
Ang Lee (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Lee) (Taiwanese)
Richard Linklater (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Linklater)
Anthony Minghella (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Minghella) (English)
Andrew Niccol (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Niccol) (New Zealand)
Christopher Nolan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Nolan) (English)
Alexander Payne (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Payne)
Kelly Reichardt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Reichardt)
Kevin Smith (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Smith)
M. Night Shyamalan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Night_Shyamalan)
Quentin Tarantino (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino)
Steven Soderbergh (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh)
Todd Solondz (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Solondz)
Whit Stillman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whit_Stillman)
The Wachowskis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wachowskis)

2000s

Andrea Arnold (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Arnold) (English)
Anna Biller (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Biller)
Andrew Bujalski (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bujalski)
Shane Carruth (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Carruth)
The Duplass Bros. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Duplass)
David Gordon Green (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gordon_Green)
Robert Greene (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Greene_(filmmaker))
Andrew Haigh (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Haigh) (English)
Eliza Hittman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Hittman)
Rian Johnson (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rian_Johnson)
Karyn Kasuma (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyn_Kusama)
Aaron Katz (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Katz_(filmmaker))
Richard Kelly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kelly_(director))
Kenneth Lonergan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Lonergan)
Steve McQueen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McQueen_(director)) (English)
Bennett Miller (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett_Miller)
John Cameron Mitchell (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cameron_Mitchell)
Greg Mottola (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Mottola)
Alex Ross Perry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ross_Perry)
Jeremy Saulnier (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Saulnier)
Lynn Shelton (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Shelton)
Joe Swanberg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Swanberg)

2010s

Antonio Campos (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Campos_(director))
Dustin Guy Defa (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1037451/)
Sean Durkin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Durkin)
Robert Eggars (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Eggers)
Chad Hartigan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Hartigan)
Yorgos Lanthimos (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorgos_Lanthimos) (Greek)
David Lowery (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lowery_(director))
Frank V. Ross (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1526979/)
Josh & Benny Safdie (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safdie_brothers)
Amy Seimetz (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Seimetz)
Trey Edward Shults (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Edward_Shults)

What kind of criteria do you use for inclusion?  For instance, Seimetz has only done one feature so her inclusion is questionable.  Louis CK should be under 90s because his first film, Tomorrow Night, was made in 1998.

In any event, you left off:

90s
Kevin Smith
Nicole Holofcener

00s
David Gordon Green
Joe Swanberg

Will add more as I think of them.

Cool, adding those.

I chose directors based on their contribution to film history, their frequency of work (I don't think there are many one-off directors on here excluding the up-and-comers from the 2010s), and on the basis of having a singular voice or not. I know I used film lists like Sight & Sound's Top 250, some by AFI, The Criterion Collection website index, and wiki pages on various film movements. It was compiled several months ago - found it on my computer and added the wiki links yesterday, so I don't completely remember. In the other thread I know the Asian countries are sparse just because my knowledge in that area is lacking.

At the end of the day it's subjective. I included Seimeitz based on the strength of her work in "The Girlfriend Experience", which will now amount to over 10 hours of material written and directed by her.

Awesome! Possible additions off of the top of my head (forgive me if I've merely overlooked them):

Duplass Bros.
Andrew Bujalski
Frank V. Ross
Dustin Guy Defa
Lynn Shelton
Frederick Wiseman
Aaron Katz
Chad Hartigan
Jeremy Saulnier
Rian Johnson
Trey Edward Shults
Karyn Kusama
Robert Greene


Also, just a note: it's JOSH and Benny Safdie.

Fixed and added. Substituting IMDB links when wikis aren't available.

(Truthfully, I haven't heard of some these.)

1910s

Alfred E. Green (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E._Green)
Robert Z. Leonard (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Z._Leonard)

1920s

Dorothy Arzner (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Arzner)

1930s

Lowell Sherman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Sherman)

Erich von Stroheim belongs in the 20s! these decades are my favorite. thanks for starting this thread.

Thank you